CONTENTS Young Voters Show Reluctance in Participation Ahead of 18th Lok Sabha ElectionsBhutan Hosts Conference to Mobilise Funds for Tiger Conservation on Earth Day 2024State of the Climate in Asia 2023Israel Uses GPS Spoofing to Counter Iranian Missile ThreatsPink HydrogenGolden Trevally Fish Young Voters Show Reluctance in Participation Ahead of 18th Lok Sabha Elections Context: As India prepares for the 18th Lok Sabha elections, a worrisome trend has emerged: the reluctance of the country’s youngest eligible voters to participate. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What Causes the Reluctance of India’s Youngest Voters to Engage?The Implications of Voter Apathy for DemocracyVoter Rights and Responsibilities in Elections What Causes the Reluctance of India’s Youngest Voters to Engage? Low Registration Rates Less than 40% of voters aged 18 to 19 have registered for the 2024 elections, raising concerns about youth engagement.Lowest enrollment rates observed in Delhi, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.Bihar has only 9.3 lakh registered out of a potential 54 lakh (17%), despite its youthful population.Similar low enrollment trends in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Social Media Exposure but Political Hesitancy Despite exposure to political voices on social media, many young people are hesitant to actively participate in voting, even though they are passionate about social action and protests. Educational System Gaps The education system is perceived as inadequate in preparing young people to understand the political process and its significance.Insufficient education on civic engagement and voting.Lack of critical thinking skills and political awareness in the school curriculum. Political Disconnect and Lack of Representation Political parties often fail to advocate agendas that resonate with the younger demographic.Youth are often underrepresented in political decision-making bodies.This lack of representation can lead to policies that don’t address the needs and concerns of young people. Limited Opportunities and Disillusionment Limited opportunities for meaningful participation in the political process.Disillusionment with top-down decision-making and governance structures.Social pressures, stereotypes, and negative perceptions discourage youth from engaging in politics.Political focus often shifts from meaningful agendas to money and muscle power, hindering youth participation. Perceived Irrelevance and Over-reliance on Social Media Young people feel disconnected from political issues that directly affect them.Over-reliance on social media for information leads to misinformation and superficial engagement with political issues. The Implications of Voter Apathy for Democracy Disenfranchisement Issues Disenfranchisement refers to the deprivation of voting rights due to legal barriers, impeding citizens’ ability to participate in democracy.Many migrants face disenfranchisement as they can’t travel to polling stations where they are registered, requiring proof of a fixed address, which many lack.Social disenfranchisement during elections persists despite constitutional guarantees (article 326) that should ensure equitable participation. Threat to Democratic Principles Voter disinterest challenges the core principle of democracy, which relies on active citizen participation.Disengaged voters allow a minority to dictate governance, leading to exclusion for marginalized communities.Low voter turnout perpetuates inequality and injustice, as the voices of underrepresented groups are unheard. Legitimacy and Trust Concerns Low voter turnout raises questions about the legitimacy of electoral outcomes, undermining public trust in the democratic process.When a significant portion of the population abstains from voting, the mandate of elected representatives may be questioned, casting doubt on the credibility of democratic institutions. Voter Rights and Responsibilities in Elections Electoral Roll and Registration The Electoral Roll updates quarterly, allowing registration for those turning 18 in the respective quarters.Eligible youth receive an Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) upon registration.This applies to those turning 18 by 1st January, 1st April, 1st July, or 1st October.Voters can only be enrolled at one place; multiple registrations are an offence. Voting Eligibility and Identification Having a voter ID or Election Commission of India prescribed document doesn’t guarantee voting.The name must be on the electoral rolls, and a valid ID is required to cast a vote. Valid identification includes: Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC)Aadhaar cardMNREGA job cardDriving licencePAN cardSmart card from Registrar General and Census CommissionerPassportPension document with photoIdentity card from a government agencyMLA/MP identity cardA ration card is not a valid identification for voting. Disqualification Criteria Individuals convicted of offences under:Section 171E (bribery)Section 171F (personation or undue influence at an election) of the Indian Penal Code are disqualified.Section 125, Section 135, and Section 136 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 lead to disqualification.Voting in more than one constituency disqualifies the vote. Voting Process Guidelines Wrong Button If a wrong button is pressed on an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), approach the polling officer for a reset to vote again. Refusal to Vote Electors can refuse to vote after registering their identities and reaching the polling booth.The NOTA (None Of The Above) option allows voters to express a lack of confidence in any candidate.The ‘refusal to vote’ option lets an elector shun the entire poll process. Unauthorised Voting Voters can still vote if someone else has already voted in their name by using a “Tendered Ballot Paper” according to Rule 49P of the Conduct of Elections Rules.The Presiding Officer will collect and keep the tendered ballot paper separate. Proxy Voting Service voters, such as members of the armed forces, Government employees posted outside the country, and members of the armed police force of a State, can use the proxy voting facility.They can appoint a proxy, who must be a resident of the same constituency, to vote on their behalf. Vote from Home The ECI introduced home voting for the elderly and Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.Those above 85 years of age and PwDs with 40% benchmark disability can avail of this facility. Reporting Malpractices Report violations anonymously using the cVIGIL citizen mobile app to capture images or videos of malpractices.The ECI guarantees a response within 100 minutes, specifying the action taken.The app allows users to report violations, track location via GPS, capture live incidents, monitor complaint status, and report violations anonymously. -Source: Indian Express Bhutan Hosts Conference to Mobilise Funds for Tiger Conservation on Earth Day 2024 Context: The Bhutanese government marked Earth Day 2024 by hosting the Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes Conference, aiming to mobilise USD 1 billion over the next decade for conserving tigers and their habitats across Asia. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes ConferenceAbout International Big Cat Alliance Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes Conference Host and Duration The two-day conference is hosted by Bhutan under the patronage of the country’s queen, Jetsun Pema Wangchuck. Objective and Funding Target The conference aims to mobilize USD 1 billion over 10 years for the preservation of tiger landscapes.Conservation of tiger landscapes is crucial for:Maintaining biodiversitySequestering carbonSupplying resources to over 100 million peopleEnsuring the overall health of the planet Participants The conference convened:Tiger range countriesVisionary private and public sector donorsInternational development agenciesTiger Conservation CoalitionOther conservation organizations Key Highlights Country Representatives High-level representatives from ten tiger range countries delivered statements on the progress and ambitions for conserving their tiger landscapes. Paro Statement The conference concluded with the Paro Statement by the Royal Government of Bhutan, reaffirming its objective to conserve tiger landscapes. Other Sources of Funding Global Environment Facility (GEF)Since 2010, GEF has provided more than USD 197 million in financing and mobilized an additional USD 880 million in co-finance for tiger conservation. About International Big Cat Alliance: Aim: It aims to strengthen global cooperation and efforts for conservation of seven big cat species and their habitats. Objective: IBCA aims for mutual cooperation among countries for mutual benefit in furthering the conservation agenda.IBCA would have a multipronged approach in broad basing and establishing linkages manifold in several areas and help in knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, finance and resources support, research and technical support, education and awareness. Members: The International Big Cat Alliance has been conceived as a multi-country, multi-agency coalition of 96 big cat range countries,Non-range countries interested in big cat conservationConservation partners and scientific organizations working in the field of big cat conservationBusiness groups and corporates willing to contribute to the cause of big catsSeven big cats include Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar and the Cheetah out of these five big cats viz. Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard and Cheetah are found in India. -Source: The Hindu State of the Climate in Asia 2023 Context: According to the World Meteorological Organisation’s (WMO) report, ‘State of the Climate in Asia 2023’, Asia experienced the highest number of disasters in the world in 2023. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the ‘State of the Climate in Asia 2023’ ReportHighlights About IndiaWhat Needs to be Done? Key Highlights of the ‘State of the Climate in Asia 2023’ Report Extreme Weather Events 79 events associated with extreme weather, climate, and water-related hazards in 2023 affected over 9 million people, directly killing over 2,000.Compared to 2022, the reported disaster events were only two events fewer in 2023.The number of people impacted was lower due to the 2022 Pakistan floods, which alone affected over 30 million people. Temperature Trends The mean temperature over Asia in 2023 was 0.91°C above the 1991–2020 reference period, the second highest on record.Many parts of the region experienced extreme heat events, with Japan recording its hottest summer on record. Glacier Mass Loss Glaciers in High-Mountain Asia have lost significant mass over the past 40 years at an accelerating rate.Record-breaking high temperatures and drier conditions in the Eastern Himalayas and the Tien Shan exacerbated mass loss in 2023. Ocean Warming The ocean around Asia has shown an overall warming trend since 1982.Sea-surface temperature anomalies in the north-west Pacific Ocean were the highest on record in 2023. Drought in South-west China Below-normal precipitation levels nearly every month of 2023 led to a drought in south-west China.Hydrometeorological HazardsFloods and storms accounted for 80% of the hydrometeorological hazards, with Yemen suffering heavy rainfall resulting in widespread floods. Highlights About India Impact of Extreme Weather Events India experienced severe heatwaves, rainfall-induced floods, glacial lake outbursts, and tropical cyclones. Severe Heat Waves In April and June 2023, severe heatwaves resulted in about 110 deaths due to heatstroke.Ballia and Deoria districts in Uttar Pradesh saw the deaths of over 100 people, many of them senior citizens with co-morbidities.Temperatures ranged from 42-43 degrees Celsius during these heat-related deaths. Flood Events Floods occurred in August 2023, with Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand recording 25 deaths and extensive damage to infrastructure and agriculture.The Indian government declared a state of emergency in the worst-affected areas, initiating rescue and relief operations. Tropical Cyclones The Indian sub-continent experienced six tropical cyclones in 2023, slightly above the average of 5.4 cyclones.Four cyclones – Mocha, Hamoon, Midhili, and Michaung – formed over the Bay of Bengal, and two – Biparjoy and Tej – formed over the Arabian Sea. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood A significant glacial lake outburst flood in South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim on October 4 led to the breaching of the Chungthang dam downstream on the Teesta River, killing over 40 people. What Needs to be Done? Addressing the Gap in Climate Projections Disaster risk reduction in the Asia region is facing an alarming gap in climate projections and tailored products needed to inform long-term interventions for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change and its impacts. Inadequate Tailored Products Currently, less than 50% of WMO Members provide tailored products, indicating a significant inadequacy given the region’s high vulnerability to climate-related disasters. Projected Annual Losses By 2030, annual losses in Asia due to extreme weather events are expected to exceed USD 160 billion, close to 0.6% of the region’s GDP, up from 0.1% in the 1970s. Urgent Actions Needed There is an urgent need to advance efforts and provide more tailored support products to address long-term strategies as well as medium and short-term activities and interventions to effectively mitigate disaster risks. -Source: The Hindu Israel Uses GPS Spoofing to Counter Iranian Missile Threats Context: Recent reports indicate that Israel has employed Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing techniques to defend against Iranian missile attacks, a strategy reminiscent of past instances such as the United States’ actions during the Kargil war in India. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is GPS Spoofing?Was GPS Spoofing by the US a Factor During the Kargil War? What is GPS Spoofing? GPS spoofing is a method used to alter GPS signals to mislead receivers, causing them to believe they are in a different location than they actually are.This technique can broadcast false GPS signals or modify authentic ones, leading to inaccurate information about positioning.Spoofing can serve various objectives, such as:Tricking enemy navigation systemsGuarding against unauthorized trackingGenerating false location data for malicious purposes Consequences of GPS Spoofing Military Interference: Misguiding enemy navigation systems, resulting in inaccurate targeting.Safety Risks in Navigation: Possible accidents or collisions in maritime and aviation sectors.Disruption of Critical Infrastructure: Interruption of vital services like power grids or transportation systems.Financial Deception: Alteration of location-based services for fraudulent activities.Threats to National Security: Misleading military or government agencies, risks of espionage, and infiltration. Was GPS Spoofing by the US a Factor During the Kargil War? Historical Background Around 25 years ago, Pakistani soldiers infiltrated India and occupied positions in Kargil in 1999. Despite the Indian military’s request for GPS data for the area, the US declined to provide it. Use of Selective Availability The US initially used a technology known as “selective availability” to deliberately introduce inaccuracies into civilian GPS receivers, preserving the highest accuracy for military purposes.This method was employed to “degrade” GPS accuracy for the Indian military during the Kargil conflict, impeding their operations. India’s Countermeasure to GPS Spoofing Introduction of NavIC India launched NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), formerly named the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).NavIC offers precise and secure positioning, navigation, and timing services within India and up to 1500 kilometers beyond its territorial boundary. NavIC provides two services: Standard Position Service (SPS) for civilian usersRestricted Service (RS) for strategic users.NavIC SPS signals are compatible with signals from other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) like GPS, Glonass (Russia), Galileo (European Union), and BeiDou (China). -Source: Indian Express Pink Hydrogen Context: Nuclear energy can be used to spur ‘pink’ hydrogen generation in India by amending the respected law. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Pink Hydrogen Definition and Generation Pink hydrogen is produced through electrolysis powered by nuclear energy.It can also be referred to as purple hydrogen or red hydrogen. Advantages of Nuclear Power The high temperatures from nuclear reactors can be utilized in other hydrogen production methods by generating steam for more efficient electrolysis or fossil gas-based steam methane reforming.Nuclear power provides significant benefits for pink hydrogen production, including reduced production costs and emissions, making it a sustainable and more cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. Applications of Pink Hydrogen Pink hydrogen is a promising substitute for fossil fuels in various industries such as the cement industry, steel industry, aviation, and heavy transportation.It can be used as a feedstock and energy source without emitting greenhouse gases. What is Electrolysis? Definition and ProcessElectrolysis is a promising method for carbon-free hydrogen production from renewable and nuclear resources.It is the process of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, which occurs in a unit called an electrolyzer. -Source: Business Standards Golden Trevally Fish Context: Researchers of the ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) have succeeded in captive breeding of golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus). Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: About Golden Trevally FishKey Facts about Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) About Golden Trevally Fish Definition and Characteristics The Golden Trevally is a high-value marine fish, also known as the golden kingfish.It is an ideal species for mariculture due to its rapid growth rates, high-quality meat, and significant market demand for consumption and ornamental purposes.This reef-associated fish lives in the company of larger fishes such as skates, sharks, and groupers.In India, fish landing observations indicate that golden trevally are predominantly landed at reef area fishing grounds in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala, Karnataka, and Gujarat. Key Facts about Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Establishment and Affiliation Established by the Government of India in 1947 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.Joined the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1967. Mandate of CMFRI To monitor the exploited and assess the under-exploited marine fisheries resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone.To understand the fluctuations in the abundance of marine fisheries resources in relation to environmental changes.To develop suitable mariculture technologies for finfish, shellfish, and other culturable organisms in open seas to supplement capture fishery production. Achievements One of the major achievements of CMFRI is the development and refinement of a unique method for estimating fishery catch and effort from the over 8000 km coastline, known as the “Stratified Multistage Random Sampling Method.” Headquarters Located in Kochi, Kerala. -Source: The Hindu

CONTENTS Ayushman Bharat Health AccountRashtriya Arogya Nidhi Scheme Ayushman Bharat Health Account Context: Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA) has emerged as a transformative force, aiming to revolutionise healthcare access and data management across India. Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Ayushman Bharat Health AccountAbout Ayushman Bharat Digital MissionAyushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) About Ayushman Bharat Health Account: The ABHA app will be instrumental in helping citizens to create their longitudinal health records.The patients can access their health records with the help of their ABHA address in seconds which will empower them in many ways.It will enable them to save their health history on a single platform and access or share their health records anytime and anywhere without a worry of losing them.This digitization of data exchange will ensure better clinical decision making and continuum of care. About Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission will help connect digital health solutions across the country.All Indians will get a digital health ID under this scheme.Every citizen’s health record will now be digitally secure.The health ID will be used as health account.Personal health records can be linked to this account and viewed with the help of a mobile application.Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission will provide reliable data, leading to better treatment and savings for patients too.The National Health Authority (NHA) will be the implementing agency of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM). Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is the flagship scheme of the Union government as a part of the Indian government’s National Health Policy.AB-PMJAY provides a health cover of up to Rs. 5 lakh a family a year, for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization, to India’s bottom 40% poor and vulnerable population.The programme was launched in September, 2018.AB-PMJAY is under the aegis of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.The PM Jan Arogya Yojana beneficiaries get an e-card that can be used to avail services at an empanelled hospital, public or private, anywhere in the country, with which they can walk into a hospital and obtain cashless treatment.The scheme has certain pre-conditions by which it picks who can avail of the health cover benefit. While in the rural areas the list is mostly categorized on lack of housing, meagre income and other deprivations, the urban list of PMJAY beneficiaries is drawn up on the basis of occupation. Key Features of AB-PMJAY PM-JAY is a health assurance scheme that covers 10.74 crores households across India or approximately 50 crore Indians.It provides a cover of 5 lakh per family per year for medical treatment in empanelled hospitals, both public and private.It provides cashless and paperless service to its beneficiaries at the point of service, i.e., the hospital.E-cards are provided to the eligible beneficiaries based on the deprivation and occupational criteria of Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011 (SECC 2011).There is no restriction on family size, age or gender.All previous medical conditions are covered under the scheme.It covers 3 days of hospitalisation and 15 days of post hospitalisation, including diagnostic care and expenses on medicines.The scheme is portable and a beneficiary can avail medical treatment at any PM-JAY empanelled hospital outside their state and anywhere in the country.The Central government has decided to provide free testing and treatment of Coronavirus under the Ayushman Bharat Yojana. Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi Scheme Context: Recently, the Delhi High Court instituted a case with respect to the grant of financial assistance under the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN) scheme and said threshold income to claim benefit was prima facie “extremely low”. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Intervention Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi Scheme Overview Establishment and NatureEstablished in 1997.A central sector scheme. Objective Provides one-time financial assistance to poor patients.Targets those living below the State/UT-wise threshold poverty line.Aims to assist patients suffering from life-threatening diseases such as heart, kidney, liver, cancer, etc.Offers treatment at Super Specialty Government hospitals/institutes. Components of the Umbrella Scheme Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN) Purpose: Financial assistance for the treatment of life-threatening diseases like heart, kidney, liver, etc.Facilities: Available at Government hospitals/institutes with Super Specialty facilities.Maximum Assistance: ₹15 lakhs. Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF) Purpose: Financial assistance specifically for the treatment of cancer.Facilities: Available at Regional Cancer Centres (RCCs), Tertiary Care Cancer Centres (TCCCs), and State Cancer Institutes (SCIs).Maximum Assistance: ₹15 lakhs. Financial Assistance for Rare Diseases Purpose: Financial assistance for the treatment of specified rare diseases.Facilities: Available at Government hospitals/institutes with Super Specialty facilities.Maximum Assistance: ₹20 lakhs.

CONTENTS India’s General Elections 2024 Put Focus on Electoral ReformsIndia Loses 2.33 Million Hectares of Tree Cover Since 2000, Reveals GFW DataAyushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY)Sunita Kejriwal Appointed as AAP’s ‘Star Campaigner’ for Gujarat ElectionsKashmir’s Magic CarpetBrahMos Supersonic cruise missileBiomarkers India’s General Elections 2024 Put Focus on Electoral Reforms Context: Amid India’s General Elections 2024, there’s renewed attention on past electoral reforms, ranging from the establishment of the Election Commission to the introduction of Electronic Voting Machines and recent modifications in the appointment procedure for election commissioners. These reforms signify the ongoing evolution and strengthening of India’s electoral system, embodying the spirit of democratic advancement. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Electoral Reforms Enacted in India Key Electoral Reforms Enacted in India Establishment of Election Commission: Founded on 25th January 1950 under Sukumar Sen’s leadership with only a Chief Election Commissioner.The inaugural General Election took place from October 1951 to February 1952 with 17.5 crore voters participating.Universal suffrage was adopted for citizens above 21 years, despite challenges like an illiterate electorate and refugee populations. Reduction in Voting Age: The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1984 reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for Lok Sabha and assembly elections to enable youth participation in the political process. Role of Election Commission Personnel: In 1985, provision made for personnel engaged in electoral roll preparation to be on deputation to the Election Commission. Multi-Member Election Commission: The Election Commission of India became a Multi-Member Commission in 1989 but reverted to a three-member body in 1993 (one Chief Election Commissioner and two election commissioners). Introduction of Ballot Papers: Initially, individual colored ballot boxes were used for each candidate.The introduction of ballot papers streamlined the voting process, though challenges like potential errors and result delays persisted. Adoption of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs): In 1989, provisions were made for the use of EVMs in elections.EVMs were first used experimentally in selected constituencies in 1998 and in the general elections for Goa’s Assembly in 1999.EVMs are indigenously designed, developed, and manufactured by Bharat Electronic Ltd. and Electronics Corporation of India Ltd. Provisions Against Booth Capturing: In 1989, provisions were made to counter booth capturing, which includes seizing polling stations, threatening electors, and seizing places used for vote counting. Model Code of Conduct (MCC): Originated in Kerala in 1960, the MCC was expanded by the ECI in collaboration with political parties by 1979 to curb unfair advantages by the ruling party.Electors’ photo identity cards (EPICs) were introduced in 1993 during T.N. Seshan’s tenure as CEC. Equitable Media Time Allocation: A 2003 provision mandates the Election Commission to allocate equitable time on cable television and electronic media during elections. Ban on Exit Polls: A 2009 provision prohibits conducting and publishing exit polls during elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. Online Enrollment in Electoral Roll: In 2013, provisions were made for online filing of applications for electoral roll enrollment through the Registration of the Electors (Amendment) Rules, 2013. Introduction of NOTA: The Supreme Court directed the inclusion of the None of the Above (NOTA) option in ballot papers and EVMs in 2013, allowing voters to abstain from voting while maintaining ballot secrecy. Implementation of Voter-Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT): In 2011, a prototype was developed and demonstrated before the ECI.The Central government notified the amended Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, enabling the use of VVPAT with EVMs in 2013. Appointment Process for CEC and ECs: Previously, the President appointed the CEC and ECs based on the central government’s recommendation.In March 2023, the Supreme Court highlighted the recommendations from the Dinesh Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms (1990) and the Law Commission’s 255th report on Electoral Reforms (2015).The recent CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) 2023 supersedes the Election Commission Act, 1991, covering the appointment, salaries, and dismissal procedures for the CEC and ECs.Under the new law, the President appoints them based on recommendations from a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha. -Source: The Hindu India Loses 2.33 Million Hectares of Tree Cover Since 2000, Reveals GFW Data Context: Recent data from the Global Forest Watch (GFW) monitoring project shows that India has experienced a loss of 2.33 million hectares of tree cover since the year 2000. This decline represents a 6% reduction in tree cover over this period. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of Global Forest Watch (GFW)Status of Forest at the Global LevelStatus of Forests in IndiaMajor Forest Conservation Initiatives in India Key Findings of Global Forest Watch (GFW) Loss of Humid Primary Forest in India: India lost approximately 4,14,000 hectares of humid primary forest (about 4.1% of the total tree cover) between 2002 and 2023.A primary forest is a forest that hasn’t been damaged by human activity. Carbon Emissions and Absorption: From 2001 to 2022, Indian forests emitted 51 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent annually.Indian forests removed 141 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent annually.Net carbon balance represents a carbon sink of approximately 89.9 million tons annually. Tree Cover Loss within Natural Forests: 95% of the tree cover loss in India between 2013 and 2023 occurred within natural forests.Maximum tree cover loss:189,000 hectares in 2017175,000 hectares in 2016144,000 hectares in 2023 States with Highest Tree Cover Loss: Five states accounted for 60% of all tree cover loss between 2001 and 2023.Assam experienced the highest tree cover loss at 324,000 hectares (compared to an average of 66,600 hectares).Significant losses also observed in Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Manipur. Impact of Forest Fires: Fires caused 1.6% of tree cover loss in India between 2001 and 2022.Maximum tree cover loss due to fires was recorded in 2008, amounting to 3,000 hectares.Odisha had the highest rate of tree cover loss due to fires, averaging 238 hectares lost per year from 2001 to 2022. Role of Forests in Climate Change: Forests act as a carbon sink by absorbing carbon dioxide when standing or regrowing.Forest loss accelerates climate change by releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere. Status of Forest at the Global Level Humid Primary Forest Loss: From 2002 to 2023, a total of 76.3 Mha (million hectares) of humid primary forest was lost globally, accounting for 16% of the total tree cover loss in the same period. Total Tree Cover Loss: From 2001 to 2023, the global tree cover loss amounted to 488 Mha, equivalent to a 12% decrease since 2000. Drivers of Tree Cover Loss: Globally from 2001 to 2022, 23% of tree cover loss occurred due to deforestation. Tree Cover Distribution: As of 2010, the top 5 countries represented 55% of all tree cover.Russia had the most tree cover at 755 Mha, followed by Brazil, Canada, the US, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Tree Cover Loss by Fires: From 2001 to 2022, 126 Mha of tree cover was lost due to fires globally, and 333 Mha from other drivers of loss. Initial Tree Cover: In 2010, the world’s tree cover spanned approximately 3.92 billion hectares (Gha), roughly 30% of the Earth’s land area. Tree Cover Loss: Between 2010 and 2023, the global tree cover loss amounted to 28.3 Mha, due to factors like deforestation, land-use changes, and natural disturbances. Status of Forests in India Forest and Tree Cover: According to the India State of Forest Report 2021, the total forest and tree cover in India is 24.62% of the country’s geographical area.Total forest cover is 21.71% and the total tree cover is 2.91%. State-wise Forest Cover: Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Maharashtra. Top States by Forest Cover (% of Geographical Area): Mizoram (84.53%), Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%), Meghalaya (76.00%), Manipur (74.34%), and Nagaland (73.90%). Employment in Forestry Sector: According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 6.26M people were employed in India’s forestry sector in 2010. Contribution to Economy: According to the FAO, the forestry sector contributed a net -690 million USD to India’s economy in 2010, approximately -0.037% of India’s GDP. Plantation Area: In India, wood fibre or timber represents the largest plantation area by type, spanning 5.92 Mha and covering 1.9% of the land area. Largest Relative Plantation Area: Lakshadweep has the largest relative plantation area in India at 76%, primarily consisting of fruit plantations. Major Forest Conservation Initiatives in India Forest Cover Assessment: The Forest Survey of India (FSI) conducts biennial assessments of forest cover, with findings published in the India State of Forest Report (ISFR).ISFR 2021 reported India’s forest and tree cover at 8,09,537 sq km, accounting for 24.62% of the country’s geographical area.This marks an increase of 2261 sq km compared to the ISFR 2019 assessment, indicating progress in forest conservation efforts. Government Initiatives to Boost Forest Cover: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC):Launched in 2008 to raise awareness about climate change and counter its effects.National Mission for Green India:One of the eight Missions under NAPCC.Aims to protect, restore, and enhance India’s forest cover and respond to climate change through adaptation and mitigation measures.Nagar Van Yojana (NVY):Launched in 2020 with a goal to establish 600 Nagar Vans and 400 Nagar Vatika in urban and peri-urban areas by 2024-25.Intends to increase green cover, preserve biodiversity, and improve urban dwellers’ quality of life.Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAMPA):Used by States/UTs for compensatory afforestation to counterbalance forest land diversion for developmental projects.90% of the CAF funds go to states, while 10% are retained by the Centre.Multi-Departmental Efforts:Afforestation activities are undertaken under various programs and schemes by line Ministries, State Governments/UT Administrations, NGOs, Civil Society, and Corporate bodies.Notable efforts include participation in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, National Bamboo Mission, and Sub-Mission on Agroforestry.Draft National Forest Policy:A draft was released in 2019 focusing on conservation, protection, and management of forests, and safeguarding the interests of tribals and forest-dependent people. -Source: Indian Express Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) Context: While releasing its election manifesto for the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, a prominent political party promised to expand its Ayushman Bharat Health Insurance scheme to cover senior citizens. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)Need for Ayushman Bharat for Senior Citizens Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is the flagship scheme of the Union government as a part of the Indian government’s National Health Policy.AB-PMJAY provides a health cover of up to Rs. 5 lakh a family a year, for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization, to India’s bottom 40% poor and vulnerable population.The programme was launched in September, 2018.AB-PMJAY is under the aegis of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.The PM Jan Arogya Yojana beneficiaries get an e-card that can be used to avail services at an empanelled hospital, public or private, anywhere in the country, with which they can walk into a hospital and obtain cashless treatment.The scheme has certain pre-conditions by which it picks who can avail of the health cover benefit. While in the rural areas the list is mostly categorized on lack of housing, meagre income and other deprivations, the urban list of PMJAY beneficiaries is drawn up on the basis of occupation. Key Features of AB-PMJAY PM-JAY is a health assurance scheme that covers 10.74 crores households across India or approximately 50 crore Indians.It provides a cover of 5 lakh per family per year for medical treatment in empanelled hospitals, both public and private.It provides cashless and paperless service to its beneficiaries at the point of service, i.e., the hospital.E-cards are provided to the eligible beneficiaries based on the deprivation and occupational criteria of Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011 (SECC 2011).There is no restriction on family size, age or gender.All previous medical conditions are covered under the scheme.It covers 3 days of hospitalisation and 15 days of post hospitalisation, including diagnostic care and expenses on medicines.The scheme is portable and a beneficiary can avail medical treatment at any PM-JAY empanelled hospital outside their state and anywhere in the country.The Central government has decided to provide free testing and treatment of Coronavirus under the Ayushman Bharat Yojana. Need for Ayushman Bharat for Senior Citizens Ageing Population Demographic Shift:India is currently benefiting from a demographic dividend. However, with a declining fertility rate and increasing life expectancy, India’s population is ageing.In 2011, only 8.6% of the population was over 60 years old. This is projected to rise to 19.5% by 2050.The absolute number of people over 60 is expected to almost triple from 103 million in 2011 to 319 million in 2050.Healthcare Expenditure:An ageing population will lead to increased health and long-term care costs, labour shortages, public dissavings, and income insecurity in old age.Senior citizens often bear the highest burden of chronic health conditions, leading to higher healthcare costs. Low Insurance Coverage Coverage Statistics:The India Ageing Report 2023 indicates that just over 20% of people over 60 are covered under health schemes like the Central Government Health Scheme and Employees State Insurance Scheme.Coverage is slightly higher for elderly men (19.7%) compared to elderly women (16.9%), with no significant rural-urban divide.Reasons for Low Coverage:Main reasons include low awareness (52.9%) and non-affordability (21.6%). Diseases of the Elderly Health Challenges:Elderly individuals are susceptible to chronic, non-communicable diseases and their complications.They are also more vulnerable to infectious diseases due to a weakened immune system. Analysis of Ayushman Bharat Expenditure Specialty Expenditure:Government data indicates that the majority of funds under the scheme are spent on five key specialties: cardiology, general medicine, general surgery, orthopaedics, and medical and radiation oncology.Relevance to Elderly Population:This expenditure pattern highlights that the government is already spending most of its healthcare budget on treatments predominantly required for the elderly population.   -Source: The Hindu Sunita Kejriwal Appointed as AAP’s ‘Star Campaigner’ for Gujarat Elections Context: Sunita Kejriwal, the wife of Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal, has been appointed as a ‘star campaigner’ by the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) for its campaign in Gujarat. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Legal Provisions for Star CampaignersBenefits for Star CampaignersConcerns Regarding Campaigning by Star CampaignersMeasures to Maintain Decorum and Restraint in Campaigning Legal Provisions for Star Campaigners Section 77 of the Representation of the People Act 1951 (RP Act) Governs the expenditure incurred by ‘leaders of a political party’.These leaders are commonly referred to as ‘star campaigners’. Definition and Eligibility Star campaigners are typically the top leaders of a political party.Can also include other celebrities.Requirement: They must be members of the appointing political party. Appointment Limit Recognised political party (national or State): Up to 40 star campaigners.Registered unrecognised political party: Up to 20 star campaigners. Notification Process Names to be sent to the Election Commission (EC) and Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) within seven days from the election notification date. Multi-phase Election Provision Parties can submit separate lists of star campaigners for different election phases. Benefits for Star Campaigners Expenditure Exclusion Expenditure by star campaigners on travel for party campaigning is not counted as part of a candidate’s election expenditure. Election expenditure limit: ₹95 lakh per Lok Sabha constituency in larger States.₹75 lakh in smaller States.Star campaigners act as vote-fetchers without affecting candidate’s expenditure limit. General Campaigning Clause Applies when star campaigners limit their role to general party campaigning.If they seek votes for specific candidates or share the stage with them:Rally/meeting expenses are included in the candidate’s election expenditure. Boarding and Lodging Expenses Incurred by star campaigners for any candidate are part of the candidate’s expenditure account, regardless of who pays. Travel Expenditure If candidates travel with the star campaigner:50% of the star campaigner’s travel expenses are allocated to the candidate(s). Concerns Regarding Campaigning by Star Campaigners Inappropriate and Abusive Language Star campaigners from various parties have used inappropriate and abusive language against leaders of opposing parties.They have appealed to caste/communal feelings and made unsubstantiated allegations. Understated Expenditure Actual expenditure for rallies/meetings of star campaigners is often reported significantly lower than the real costs.Possible reasons:EC’s rate card doesn’t reflect current market rates.Results in lower allocation of expenses to contesting candidates. Measures to Maintain Decorum and Restraint in Campaigning Empowerment of the Election Commission (EC) Current ProvisionRP Act allows political parties to appoint or revoke the appointment of star campaigners. Proposed Change Amend the law to allow the EC to revoke the ‘star campaigner’ status of a leader for serious violations of the Model Code of Conduct.Article 324 of the Constitution designates the EC as the supreme authority for the superintendence and control of elections.Aim: Instill a sense of responsibility among star campaigners and ensure campaigns adhere to necessary decorum and restraint. Robust Assessment of Expenditure Strengthen the assessment and allocation of rally/meeting expenses for campaigns involving star campaigners.Ensure accurate reflection of the actual costs incurred. -Source: The Hindu Kashmir’s Magic Carpet Context: Recently, the famous Hazratbal Dargah in Srinagar is attracting locals for a rare spectacle of the washing and clipping of the largest carpet woven in Kashmir so far. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: What is Kashmir’s Magic Carpet?Kashan Style: Features and OriginHistorical Background of Kashmiri Carpet Craft What is Kashmir’s Magic Carpet? The magic carpet from Kashmir, crafted in the Kashan Style, is an elaborate masterpiece.It measures 72 feet in length and 40 feet in width, weighs 1,685 kg, and boasts over three crore knots. Creation and Challenges Artisans dedicated eight years to its weaving.They revived the traditional craft, overcoming obstacles like the 2014 floods, the 2019 abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, and the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic. Handling and Maintenance Unrolling the carpet requires a team of at least 30 people.A specialized team of 30-35 professional washers cares for it daily. Destination and Competition The carpet is expected to adorn a palace in the Middle East.Kashmiri artisans are vying against their Iranian counterparts for the first time. The Iranians have crafted a massive carpet spanning 60,468 square feet, equivalent to a soccer field. Kashan Style: Features and Origin Origin and Appeal The carpet is designed in the Kashan style, a historic pattern borrowed from the Iranian city of Kashan.Kashan ceramic art, rooted in the historic city of Kashan in modern-day Iran, has fascinated art enthusiasts for generations. Characteristics The Kashan style is renowned for its exquisite craftsmanship, intricate designs, and a harmonious mix of tradition, innovation, and artistic flair. Historical Background of Kashmiri Carpet Craft Origins The tradition of carpet weaving in Kashmir dates back to the 15th century when Badshah Zain-ul-Abidin invited artisans from Persia and Central Asia to settle in the region. Evolution Initially, artisans focused on crafting fine pashmina shawls. However, with the decreasing demand due to the introduction of jacquard looms in Europe, they transitioned to carpet weaving. Global Recognition Kashmiri carpets earned international acclaim after being showcased at the Great London Exhibition of 1851.They continued to dazzle audiences at exhibitions in Chicago, Paris, and London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Preservation of Techniques The ancient craft is guided by secret blueprints called talim, which are passed down through generations to preserve traditional techniques. -Source: The Hindu BrahMos Supersonic cruise missile Context: Recently, India delivered BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines. India is looking at further expanding defense ties with the Philippines against the backdrop of growing global concerns over China’s increasing military assertiveness in the South China Sea. Relevance  GS-III Internal Security Challenges, Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About BrahMos supersonic cruise missileAbout Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) About BrahMos supersonic cruise missile The BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world. BRAHMOS is a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation of India (DRDO) and the NPOM of Russia.Brahmos is named on the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva.It is a two-stage (solid propellant engine in the first stage and liquid ramjet in second) air to surface missile with a flight range of around 300 km.However, India’s entry into the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) has extended the range of the BRAHMOS missile to reach 450 km-600km, a shade above its current MTCR capped range of 300 km.Brahmos is a multiplatform i.e., it can be launched from land, air, and sea and multi capability missile with pinpoint accuracy that works in both day and night irrespective of the weather conditions.It operates on the “Fire and Forgets” principle i.e., it does not require further guidance after launch.Brahmos is one of the fastest cruise missiles currently operationally deployed with speed of Mach 2.8, which is 3 times more than the speed of sound. About Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Government of India, charged with the military’s research and development.It is headquartered in Delhi, India and has its 50+ labs all across the country.It was formed in 1958.It is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.With a network of 52 laboratories, which are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and naval systems, DRDO is India’s largest and most diverse research organisation. Objectives of DRDO Design, develop and lead to production state-of-the-art sensors, weapon systems, platforms and allied equipment for our Defence Services.Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimise combat effectiveness and to promote well-being of the troops.Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build strong indigenous technology base. Issues with DRDO: Inadequate Budgetary SupportIt also suffers from inadequate manpower in critical areas to the lack of proper synergy with the armed forces.Cost escalation and long delays have damaged the reputation of DRDO.DRDO is big on promise and small on delivery. There is no accountability. Nobody is taken to task for time and cost overruns.Equipments are obsolete and is just tinkering with World War II equipment instead of working on cutting-edge technology. -Source: The Hindu Biomarkers Context: Screening for blood biomarkers has been proposed as a potential way to diagnose cancer at earlier stages of the disease. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About BiomarkersClassification of Biomarkers About Biomarkers Definition and Nature Biomarkers, or ‘Biological Markers,’ are physical, chemical, or biological features present in the human body that are measurable.According to the WHO, a biomarker is “any measurement reflecting an interaction between a biological system and a potential hazard, which may be chemical, physical, or biological. The measured response may be functional and physiological, biochemical at the cellular level, or a molecular interaction.”Also referred to as molecular markers and signature molecules. Importance and Applications Essential for disease diagnosis, prescribing accurate medication and dosage, and designing new drugs.Biomolecules encompass carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, genes, DNA, RNA, platelets, enzymes, and hormones. Classification of Biomarkers Based on Source or Location: Molecular Biomarkers Possess biophysical properties, allowing their measurement in biological samples like blood plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage, biopsy, urinalysis, and fecal analysis. Radiographic Biomarkers Derived from imaging studies, such as bone mineral density. Histologic Biomarkers Reflect biochemical or molecular alterations in cells, tissues, or fluids, for instance, staging and grading of cancers. Physiologic Biomarkers Measures of body processes like blood pressure, pulse rate, and heart rate. Based on Roles/Functions: Susceptibility/Risk Biomarkers Indicate the likelihood of developing a specific disease or condition in the near or distant future. Diagnostic Biomarkers Used to detect or confirm a particular disease or condition. Prognostic Biomarkers Predict the likelihood of disease progression or relapse in individuals already diagnosed with a disease. Monitoring Biomarkers Used to:Assess the stage or condition of the disease.Measure exposure to a specific drug.Measure exposure to an environmental agent. Predictive Biomarkers Identify individuals with a higher likelihood of experiencing a significant outcome when exposed to a particular drug, aiding in treatment decisions. Pharmacodynamic/Response Biomarkers Indicate that a biological response has occurred in patients exposed to a specific drug or environmental agent. -Source: The Hindu